1. Beginning, Make-up, and Molecular Style
1.1 Natural Resource and Biochemical Profile
(Animal Protein Frothing Agent)
Animal protein-based lathering representatives are derived largely from hydrolyzed keratin or collagen sourced from slaughterhouse spin-offs such as hooves, horns, bones, and hides.
Via controlled alkaline or enzymatic hydrolysis, these structural proteins are broken down into amphiphilic polypeptides rich in amino acids like glycine, proline, and hydroxyproline, which possess both hydrophilic (– NH â‚‚,– COOH) and hydrophobic (aliphatic side chains) functional groups.
This double fondness enables the particles to adsorb effectively at air– water interfaces during mechanical oygenation, decreasing surface area tension and maintaining bubble development– a crucial demand for creating uniform cellular concrete.
Unlike artificial surfactants, animal protein frothing agents are naturally degradable, non-toxic, and exhibit superb compatibility with Portland concrete systems as a result of their ionic nature and moderate pH buffering capability.
The molecular weight circulation of the hydrolysate– commonly in between 500 and 10,000 Da– straight influences foam stability, drainage rate, and bubble dimension, making procedure control during hydrolysis necessary for regular performance.
1.2 Foam Generation Mechanism and Microstructure Control
When watered down with water (normally at proportions of 1:20 to 1:30) and introduced right into a foam generator, the healthy protein service creates a viscoelastic movie around entrained air bubbles under high-shear conditions.
This movie withstands coalescence and Ostwald ripening– the diffusion-driven growth of larger bubbles at the expenditure of smaller ones– by forming a mechanically robust interfacial layer reinforced with hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions.
The resulting foam exhibits high expansion ratios (usually 15– 25:1) and reduced drainage prices (
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